ML (Molecular laser) Series replicated ruled gratings are used primarily to tune the output wavelength of high powered lasers. High peak efficiencies, typically from 92%-96%, are achieved by orientating the polarization of the "E" vector perpendicular to the grooves rather than the unpolarized average. Original MLs are ruled directly into an aluminum coating on a copper substrate, resulting in an inherently high damage threshold. Standard MLs are available in a number of blaze wavelengths (2.8 μ to 16.0 μ) and groove spacings (75 g/mm to 450 g/mm).